Poisson 方程 II

2. Poisson 方程 II#

2.1. 构造等参元#

Firedrake 中坐标是通过函数 Function 给出的, 可以通过更改该函数的值来移动网格或者构造等参元对应的映射.

2.1.1. 修改网格坐标 (移动网格)#

坐标的存储 (numpy 数组)

mesh = RectangleMesh(10, 10, 1, 1)
mesh.coordinates.dat.data
mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro
mesh.coordinates.dat.data_with_halos
mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro_with_halos

单进程运行时 data 和 data_with_halos 相同. 关于 halos 请参考 https://op2.github.io/PyOP2/mpi.html.

from firedrake import RectangleMesh, triplot
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# test_mesh = UnitDiskMesh(refinement_level=3)
test_mesh = RectangleMesh(10, 10, 1, 1)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[8, 4])
handle = triplot(test_mesh, axes=ax[0])

theta = np.pi/6
R = np.array([[np.cos(theta), - np.sin(theta)], 
              [np.sin(theta),   np.cos(theta)]])

# test_mesh.coordinates.dat.datas[:] = test_mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro[:]@R
test_mesh.coordinates.dat.data_with_halos[:] = test_mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro_with_halos[:]@R

handle = triplot(test_mesh, axes=ax[1])
fig.tight_layout()

firedrake:WARNING OMP_NUM_THREADS is not set or is set to a value greater than 1, we suggest setting OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 to improve performance

../_images/e4b7c6b1ac4db001753ba9415db6092d4d9fda06d25cde4dbab15e97eb702745.png

2.1.2. 简单映射边界点#

等参元映射通过更改坐标向量场实现: 从线性网格开始构造, 把边界上的自由度移动到边界上. 以单位圆为例:

def points2bdy(points):
    r = np.linalg.norm(points, axis=1).reshape([-1, 1])
    return points/r

def make_high_order_mesh_map_bdy(m, p):
    coords = m.coordinates
    V_p = VectorFunctionSpace(m, 'CG', p)
    coords_p = Function(V_p, name=f'coords_p{i}').interpolate(coords)
    
    bc = DirichletBC(V_p, 0, 'on_boundary')
    points = coords_p.dat.data_ro_with_halos[bc.nodes]
    coords_p.dat.data_with_halos[bc.nodes] = points2bdy(points)
    
    return Mesh(coords_p)

2.1.3. 同时移动边界单元的内点#

等参元映射通过更改坐标向量场实现: 从线性网格开始构造, 把边界上的自由度移动到边界上, 同时移动边界单元的内部自由度.

def make_high_order_mesh_simple(m, p):
    if p == 1:
        return m

    coords_1 = m.coordinates
    coords_i = coords_1
    for i in range(2, p+1):
        coords_im1 = coords_i
        V_i = VectorFunctionSpace(m, 'CG', i)
        bc = DirichletBC(V_i, 0, 'on_boundary')
        coords_i = Function(V_i, name=f'coords_p{i}').interpolate(coords_im1)
        coords_i.dat.data_with_halos[bc.nodes] = \
            points2bdy(coords_i.dat.data_ro_with_halos[bc.nodes])

    return Mesh(coords_i)

这是一个简单的实现, 并不完全符合文献 [Len86] 中等参元映射构造方式, 一个完整的实现方式见文件 py/make_mesh_circle_in_rect.py 中的函数 make_high_order_coords_for_circle_in_rect: 该函数实现了内部具有一个圆形界面的矩形区域上的等参映射.

2.1.4. 数值实验#

假设精确解为 \(u = 1 - (x^2 + y^2)^{3.5}\).

在 jupyter-lab 执行运行文件 possion_convergence_circle.py

%run py/possion_convergence_circle.py -max_degree 3 -exact "1 - (x[0]**2 + x[1]**2)**3.5"

或在命令行运行

python py/possion_convergence_circle.py -max_degree 3 -exact "1 - (x[0]**2 + x[1]**2)**3.5"

有输出如下:

$ python py/possion_convergence_circle.py -max_degree 3 -exact "1 - (x[0]**2 + x[1]**2)**3.5"
Exact solution:  1 - (x[0]**2 + x[1]**2)**3.5 

p = 1; Use iso: False; Only move bdy: False.
    Rel. H1 errors: [0.21472147 0.10953982 0.05505367]
            orders: [0.99748178 1.00490702]
    Rel. L2 errors: [0.02973733 0.00764636 0.00192565]
            orders: [2.01284532 2.01420929]

p = 2; Use iso: False; Only move bdy: False.
    Rel. H1 errors: [0.02567607 0.00823192 0.00274559]
            orders: [1.68586184 1.60384374]
    Rel. L2 errors: [0.00804638 0.00197793 0.00048968]
            orders: [2.07953304 2.0391775 ]

p = 2; Use iso: True; Only move bdy: False.
    Rel. H1 errors: [0.02049517 0.00516031 0.0012846 ]
            orders: [2.04399704 2.03112667]
    Rel. L2 errors: [1.32436157e-03 1.65779996e-04 2.05806815e-05]
            orders: [3.07968268 3.04739627]

p = 3; Use iso: False; Only move bdy: False.
    Rel. H1 errors: [0.01465085 0.00517696 0.00182789]
            orders: [1.54172011 1.52063516]
    Rel. L2 errors: [0.00786267 0.00195543 0.00048687]
            orders: [2.06225863 2.03084755]

p = 3; Use iso: True; Only move bdy: True.
    Rel. H1 errors: [2.88080070e-03 5.12223863e-04 9.06665015e-05]
            orders: [2.5595478  2.52924769]
    Rel. L2 errors: [1.06566715e-04 9.18124027e-06 7.97431433e-07]
            orders: [3.63334435 3.56916446]

p = 3; Use iso: True; Only move bdy: False.
    Rel. H1 errors: [1.02564343e-03 1.25126956e-04 1.52758197e-05]
            orders: [3.11780384 3.07186088]
    Rel. L2 errors: [4.46595130e-05 2.69981492e-06 1.63948920e-07]
            orders: [4.15838886 4.09188043]

2.2. 间断有限元方法#

2.2.1. UFL 符号#

+:

u('-')
-:

u('+')
avg:

(u('+') + u('-'))/2
jump:

jump(u, n) = u('+')*n('+') + u('-')*n('-')

jump(u) = u('+') - u('-')
FacetNormal:

边界法向
CellDiameter:

网格尺寸

2.2.2. UFL 测度#

ds 外部边
dS 内部边

2.2.3. 变分形式#

(2.1)#\[\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} \int_\Omega \nabla u \cdot \nabla v &- \int_{EI} (\{\nabla u\}[vn] + [un]\{\nabla v\}) - \frac{\alpha}{h}\int_{EI} [un][vn] \\ &- \int_{EO} (v n \nabla u + u n \nabla v) - \frac{\alpha}{h}\int_{EO} uv \\ &- \int_\Omega f v - \int_{\partial\Omega_N} g_N v = 0 \end{aligned} \end{equation}\]

其中 \([vn] = v^+n^+ + v^-n^-, \{u\} = (u^+ + u^-)/2\)

from firedrake import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mesh = RectangleMesh(8, 8, 1, 1)

DG1 = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 1)
u, v = TrialFunction(DG1), TestFunction(DG1)

x, y = SpatialCoordinate(mesh)
f = sin(pi*x)*sin(pi*y)

h = Constant(2.0)*Circumradius(mesh)
alpha = Constant(1)
gamma = Constant(1)

n = FacetNormal(mesh)

a = inner(grad(u), grad(v))*dx \
  - dot(avg(grad(u)), jump(v, n))*dS \
  - dot(jump(u, n), avg(grad(v)))*dS \
  + alpha/avg(h)*dot(jump(u, n), jump(v, n))*dS \
  - dot(grad(u), v*n)*ds \
  - dot(u*n, grad(v))*ds \
  + gamma/h*u*v*ds

L = f*v*dx

u_h = Function(DG1, name='u_h')
bc = DirichletBC(DG1, 0, 'on_boundary')
solve(a == L, u_h, bcs=bc)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=[8, 4], subplot_kw=dict(projection='3d'))
ts = trisurf(u_h, axes=ax)

../_images/f351abc03f4503513f63522bbcef3b8d1117fed0cbc67f311f9c34d4c0c5ad40.png

2.2.4. Positive and negative part of inner boundary#

from firedrake import *
from firedrake.petsc import PETSc

import os, sys
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# plt.rcParams.update({'font.size': 14})

N = PETSc.Options().getInt('N', default=4)

m = RectangleMesh(N, N, 1, 1)
V = FunctionSpace(m, 'DG', 0)
Vc = VectorFunctionSpace(m, 'DG', 0)
V_e = FunctionSpace(m, 'HDivT', 0)
V_ec = VectorFunctionSpace(m, 'HDivT', 0)

x, y = SpatialCoordinate(m)
u = Function(V, name='u')
uc = Function(Vc).interpolate(m.coordinates)
u_e = Function(V_e, name='u_e')
u_ec = Function(V_ec).interpolate(m.coordinates)

ncell = len(u.dat.data_ro)

factor = 0.7
for i in range(ncell):
    cell = V.cell_node_list[i][0]
    u.dat.data_with_halos[:] = 0
    u.dat.data_with_halos[cell] = 1
    es = V_e.cell_node_list[i]
    cc = uc.dat.data_ro_with_halos[cell, :]
    
    vertex = m.coordinates.dat.data_ro_with_halos[
        m.coordinates.function_space().cell_node_list[i]
    ]
    vertex = np.vstack([vertex, vertex[0]])
    plt.plot(vertex[:, 0], vertex[:, 1], 'k', lw=1)
    
    for e in es:
        u_e.dat.data_with_halos[:] = 0
        u_e.dat.data_with_halos[e] = 1
        ec = u_ec.dat.data_ro_with_halos[e, :]
        dis = ec - cc
        
        v_p, v_m = assemble(u('+')*u_e('+')*dS), assemble(u('-')*u_e('-')*dS)
        _x = cc[0] + factor*dis[0]
        _y = cc[1] + factor*dis[1]

        plt.text(_x, _y, '+' if v_p > 0 else '-', ha='center', va='center')
        
rank, size = m.comm.rank, m.comm.size
if not os.path.exists('figures'):
    os.makedirs('figures')
plt.savefig(f'figures/dgflag_{size}-{rank}.pdf')

../_images/3a48f36eb84d2ddfbb7264b168770032b3088ea9f83062f6405f9980b3032e8c.png

2.3. 指示函数#

from firedrake import *

from firedrake.pyplot import triplot, tricontourf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# set marker function by solving equation
def make_marker_solve_equ(mesh, tag, value=1):
    V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 0)

    u, v = TrialFunction(V), TestFunction(V)
    f = Function(V)
    solve(u*v*dx == Constant(value)*v*dx(tag) + Constant(0)*v*dx, f)
    return f


# set marker function by using par_loop
def make_marker_par_loop(mesh, tag, value=1):
    V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 0)
    f = Function(V)
    domain = '{[i]: 0 <= i < A.dofs}'
    instructions = '''
    for i
        A[i] = {value}
    end
    '''
    # par_loop((domain, instructions.format(value=0)), dx, {'A' : (f, WRITE)}) 
    par_loop((domain, instructions.format(value=value)), dx(tag), {'A' : (f, WRITE)}) 
    return f

mesh = Mesh('gmsh/circle_in_rect.msh')
f1 = make_marker_solve_equ(mesh, tag=1, value=1)
f2 = make_marker_par_loop(mesh, tag=2, value=2)
np.allclose(f1.dat.data, f2.dat.data)

False

from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib import colormaps
from matplotlib.colors import Normalize

cmap = colormaps.get_cmap('viridis')
normalizer = Normalize(0, 2)
smap = cm.ScalarMappable(norm=normalizer, cmap=cmap)

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[8, 4])
axes[0].set_aspect('equal')
axes[1].set_aspect('equal')
cs0 = tricontourf(f1, axes=axes[0], cmap=cmap, norm=normalizer)
cs1 = tricontourf(f2, axes=axes[1], cmap=cmap, norm=normalizer)

# fig.colorbar(smap, ax=axes.ravel().tolist())

pos = axes[1].get_position()
cax = fig.add_axes([pos.x1 + 0.03, pos.y0, 0.02, pos.height])
fig.colorbar(smap, cax=cax)

<matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar at 0x13720a5a0>

../_images/347d2d63f01fd55a553c49aa0b5dab1b85e0effaae230f5deeff6225b8d88c58.png

from firedrake import *
from firedrake.pyplot import tricontourf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mesh = RectangleMesh(2, 2, 1, 1)
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 0)
f = Function(V)
f.dat.data[:] = -2
f.dat.data[0:2] = 0
tricontourf(f)

<matplotlib.tri._tricontour.TriContourSet at 0x137049610>

../_images/62756f50499a14a18e19aeb6d56bffbbd6e69726025dfc6d1572f4fc905a2f48.png

2.4. Dirac Delta 函数#

2.4.1. 通过数值积分公式实现 dirac delta 函数#

from firedrake import *

from firedrake.petsc import PETSc
from pyop2 import op2
from pyop2.datatypes import ScalarType
from mpi4py import MPI
import finat
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

set_level(CRITICAL) # Disbale warnings

class DiracOperator(object):
    def __init__(self, m, x0):
        """Make Dirac delta operator at point

        Args:
            m: mesh
            x0: source point

        Example:
            delta = DiracOperator(m, x0)
            f = Function(V)
            f_x0 = assemble(delta(f))
        """
        self.mesh = m
        self.x0 = x0
        self.operator = None
        
    def __call__(self, f):
        if self.operator is None:
            self._init()
        return self.operator(f)

    def _init(self):
        m = self.mesh
        x0 = self.x0
        V = FunctionSpace(m, 'DG', 0)
        cell_marker = Function(V, name='cell_marker', dtype=ScalarType)
        qrule = finat.quadrature.make_quadrature(V.finat_element.cell, 0)
        cell, X = m.locate_cell_and_reference_coordinate(x0, tolerance=1e-6)

        # c = 0 if X is None else 1
        n_cell_local = len(cell_marker.dat.data)
        if X is not None and cell < n_cell_local:
            c = 1
        else:
            c = 0

        comm = m.comm
        s = comm.size - comm.rank
        n = comm.allreduce(int(s*c), op=MPI.MAX)

        if n == 0:
            raise BaseException("Points not found!")

        k = int(comm.size - n) # get the lower rank which include the point x0

        if c == 1 and comm.rank == k:
            X[X<0] = 0
            X[X>1] = 1
            cell_marker.dat.data[cell] = 1
            comm.bcast(X, root=k)
        else:
            cell_marker.dat.data[:] = 0 # we must set this otherwise the process will hangup
            X = comm.bcast(None, root=k)


        cell_marker.dat.global_to_local_begin(op2.READ)
        cell_marker.dat.global_to_local_end(op2.READ)

        qrule.point_set.points[0] = X
        qrule.weights[0] = qrule.weights[0]/np.real(assemble(cell_marker*dx))

        self.operator = lambda f: f*cell_marker*dx(scheme=qrule)

2.4.2. 测试 `DiracOperator`#

def test_dirca_delta_1D():
    test_mesh = IntervalMesh(8, 1)
    V = FunctionSpace(test_mesh, 'CG', 3)
    x1 = 0.683
    source = Constant([x1,])
    delta = DiracOperator(test_mesh, source)

    x, = SpatialCoordinate(test_mesh)
    g = Function(V).interpolate(x**2)

    expected_value =  g.at([x1])
    value = assemble(delta(g))
    PETSc.Sys.Print(f"value = {value}, expected value = {expected_value}")


test_dirca_delta_1D()

value = 0.46648900000000004, expected value = 0.466489

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/ufl/ufl/utils/sorting.py:84: UserWarning: Applying str() to a metadata value of type QuadratureRule, don't know if this is safe.
  warnings.warn(f"Applying str() to a metadata value of type {type(value).__name__}, "

def test_dirca_delta_2D():
    test_mesh = RectangleMesh(8, 8, 1, 1)
    V = FunctionSpace(test_mesh, 'CG', 3)
    x1 = 0.683
    x2 = 0.333
    source = Constant([x1,x2])
    x0 = source
    delta = DiracOperator(test_mesh, source)

    x, y = SpatialCoordinate(test_mesh)
    g = Function(V).interpolate(x**3 + y**3)

    expected_value =  g.at([x1, x2])
    value = assemble(delta(g))
    PETSc.Sys.Print(f"value = {value}, expected value = {expected_value}")


test_dirca_delta_2D()

value = 0.3555380240000001, expected value = 0.3555380240000001

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/ufl/ufl/utils/sorting.py:84: UserWarning: Applying str() to a metadata value of type QuadratureRule, don't know if this is safe.
  warnings.warn(f"Applying str() to a metadata value of type {type(value).__name__}, "

2.4.3. Dirac delta 函数的 L2 投影#

test_mesh = RectangleMesh(10, 10, 1, 1)
V = FunctionSpace(test_mesh, 'CG', 3)
delta = DiracOperator(test_mesh, [0.638, 0.33])
bc = DirichletBC(V, 0, 'on_boundary')
u, v = TrialFunction(V), TestFunction(V)
sol = Function(V)
solve(u*conj(v)*dx == delta(conj(v)), sol, bcs=bc)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=[8, 4], subplot_kw=dict(projection='3d'))
ts = trisurf(sol, axes=ax) # 为什么负值那么大？

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/ufl/ufl/utils/sorting.py:84: UserWarning: Applying str() to a metadata value of type QuadratureRule, don't know if this is safe.
  warnings.warn(f"Applying str() to a metadata value of type {type(value).__name__}, "

../_images/469571f6d90ec50c74347327959e1d0b91ea8fbd0e79370480c020ae66ebfb0f.png

2.4.4. 求解源项为 Dirca delta 函数的 Possion 方程#

x0 = [0, 0]
# N = 500
# m = SquareMesh(N, N, 1)

m = UnitDiskMesh(refinement_level=3)

V = FunctionSpace(m, 'CG', 1)

v = TestFunction(V)
u = TrialFunction(V)

a = inner(grad(u), grad(v))*dx
L = DiracOperator(m, x0)(v)
u = Function(V, name='u')

bc = DirichletBC(V, 0, 'on_boundary')

solve(a == L, u, bcs=bc)

# solve(a == L, u)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=[4, 4])
ts = tricontour(u, axes=ax)

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/ufl/ufl/utils/sorting.py:84: UserWarning: Applying str() to a metadata value of type QuadratureRule, don't know if this is safe.
  warnings.warn(f"Applying str() to a metadata value of type {type(value).__name__}, "

../_images/f137dc46dbe3f9516a49b466b79972816c4902d16d51143ac26c514080419221.png

2.5. 自由度映射关系#

2.5.1. Cell node map#

V.dim(): Number of dofs
V.cell_node_list: an array of cell node map (same with V.cell_node_map().values)

mesh = RectangleMesh(8, 8, 1, 1)
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', 1)

# the global numers of the dofs in the first 2 elements
for i in range(2): 
    print(f"cell {i}: ", V.cell_node_list[i]) 

cell 0:  [0 1 2]
cell 1:  [1 2 3]

Example: 第一个三角形的坐标

coords = mesh.coordinates
V_c = coords.function_space()
dof_numbers = V_c.cell_node_list[0]

for i in dof_numbers:
    print(f"vertex {i}:", coords.dat.data_ro_with_halos[i])

vertex 0: [0. 0.]
vertex 1: [0.    0.125]
vertex 2: [0.125 0.   ]

2.5.2. Finite element (dofs on reference cell)#

V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', 2)
element = V.finat_element

print("cell: ",  element.cell)
print("degree: ", element.degree)

cell:  <FIAT.reference_element.UFCTriangle object at 0x137cec890>
degree:  2

element.entity_dofs() # dofs for every entity (vertex, edge, face, volume)

{0: {0: [0], 1: [3], 2: [5]}, 1: {2: [1], 1: [2], 0: [4]}, 2: {0: []}}

2.6. Adaptive Finite Element Methods#

2.6.1. Possion on Lshape#

File: py/adapt_possion.py

方程求解

def solve_possion(mesh, u_handle, f_handle):
    x = SpatialCoordinate(mesh)
    u_e = u_handle(x)
    f = f_handle(x)
    
    V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', 1)
    u, v = TrialFunction(V), TestFunction(V)

    L = inner(f, v)*dx
    a = inner(grad(u), grad(v))*dx
    sol = Function(V, name='u_h')
    
    bc = DirichletBC(V, u_e, 'on_boundary')

    solve(a == L, sol, bcs=bc)
    
    err = errornorm(u_e, sol, norm_type='H1')/norm(u_e, norm_type='H1')
    
    return sol, err

误差估计

def estimate(mesh, sol, u_handle, f_handle, alpha, beta):
    x = SpatialCoordinate(mesh)
    u_e = u_handle(x)
    f = f_handle(x)

    V_eta_K = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 0)
    V_eta_e = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'HDivT', 0)

    phi_K = TestFunction(V_eta_K)
    phi_e = TestFunction(V_eta_e)

    phi = div(grad(sol)) + f
    g = jump(grad(sol), FacetNormal(mesh))

    ksi_K = assemble(inner(phi**2, phi_K)*dx)
    ksi_e = assemble(inner(g**2, avg(phi_e))*dS)
    ksi_outer = assemble(inner((sol-u_e)**2, phi_e)*ds)

    h_e = assemble(conj(phi_e)*ds)
    h_K = Function(V_eta_K).interpolate(CellDiameter(mesh))
    
    eta_K = assemble_eta_K_op2(ksi_K, ksi_e, ksi_outer, h_K, h_e, alpha=alpha, beta=beta)
    # eta_K2 = assemble_eta_K_py(ksi_K, ksi_e, ksi_outer, h_K, h_e, alpha=alpha, beta=beta)
    # assert np.allclose(eta_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos, eta_K2.dat.data_ro_with_halos)
    
    return eta_K

def assemble_eta_K_py(ksi_K, ksi_e, ksi_outer, h_K, h_e, alpha, beta):
    V_eta_K = ksi_K.function_space()
    V_eta_e = ksi_e.function_space()
    
    cell_node_list_K = V_eta_K.cell_node_list
    cell_node_list_e = V_eta_e.cell_node_list    
    
    ne_per_cell = V_eta_e.cell_node_list.shape[1]

    s1 = np.zeros_like(ksi_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos)
    for i in range(0, ne_per_cell):
        s1 += ksi_e.dat.data_ro_with_halos[cell_node_list_e[:, i]]
    
    s2 = np.zeros_like(ksi_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos)
    for i in range(0, ne_per_cell):
        s2 += h_e.dat.data_ro_with_halos[cell_node_list_e[:, i]] * ksi_outer.dat.data_ro_with_halos[cell_node_list_e[:, i]]

    eta_K = Function(V_eta_K)
    eta_K.dat.data_with_halos[:] = np.sqrt(
        alpha * h_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos**2 * ksi_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos \
        + beta * h_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos * s1
        # + beta * (h_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos * s1 + s2)
    )
    
    return eta_K

网格标记

def mark_cells(mesh, eta_K, theta):
    plex = mesh.topology_dm
    cell_numbering = mesh._cell_numbering

    if plex.hasLabel('adapt'):
        plex.removeLabel('adapt')

    with eta_K.dat.vec_ro as vec:
        eta = vec.norm()
        eta_max = vec.max()[1]

    cell_node_list_K = eta_K.function_space().cell_node_list
    tol = theta*eta_max
    eta_K_data = eta_K.dat.data_ro_with_halos
    with PETSc.Log.Event("ADD_ADAPT_LABEL"):
        plex.createLabel('adapt')
        cs, ce = plex.getHeightStratum(0)
        for i in range(cs, ce):
            c = cell_numbering.getOffset(i)
            dof  = cell_node_list_K[c][0]
            if eta_K_data[dof] > tol:
                plex.setLabelValue('adapt', i, 1)

    return plex

使用以上函数以及 DMPlex 的 adaptLabel 方法, 我们可以写出 L 区域上的网格自适应方法

def adapt_possion_Lshape():
    opts = PETSc.Options()
    opts.insertString('-dm_plex_transform_type refine_sbr')

    def u_exact(x):
        mesh = x.ufl_domain()
        U = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', 1)
        u = Function(U)
        coords = mesh.coordinates
        x1, x2 = np.real(coords.dat.data_ro[:, 0]), np.real(coords.dat.data_ro[:, 1])
        r = np.sqrt(x1**2 + x2**2)
        theta = np.arctan2(x2, x1)
        u.dat.data[:] = r**(2/3)*np.sin(2*theta/3)
        return u
    
    def f_handle(x):
        return Constant(0)
    
    mesh = Mesh('gmsh/Lshape.msh')
    result = []
    parameters = {}
    parameters["partition"] = False

    for i in range(10):
        if i != 0:
            eta_K = estimate(mesh, sol, u_exact, f_handle, alpha=0.15, beta=0.15)
            plex = mark_cells(mesh, eta_K, theta=0.2)

            with PETSc.Log.Event("ADAPT"):
                new_plex = plex.adaptLabel('adapt')
                # Remove labels to avoid errors
                new_plex.removeLabel('adapt')
                remove_pyop2_label(new_plex)

            new_plex.viewFromOptions('-dm_view')

            # mesh = Mesh(new_plex, distribution_parameters=parameters)
            mesh = Mesh(new_plex)

        sol, err = solve_possion(mesh, u_exact, f_handle)
        ndofs = sol.function_space().dim()
        result.append((ndofs, np.real(err)))
        
    return result

2.6.2. L 型区域上的网格自适应算例#

from py.adapt_possion import adapt_possion_Lshape, plot_adapt_result

result = adapt_possion_Lshape()
fig = plot_adapt_result(result)
plt.savefig(f'figures/adapt_possion.png')

../_images/adapt_possion.png — Fig. 2.1 L 区域上自适应方法的误差和收敛阶#

2.6.3. Update coordinates of DMPlex#

File: py/update_plex_coordinates.py

如果移动了网格, DMPlex 中存储的坐标和 Firedrake 的坐标将会不一致, 这时候做自适应加密需要把同步 Firedrake 中的坐标 DMPlex 中.

根据自由度的映射关系, 更新 plex 的坐标.

def get_plex_with_update_coordinates(mesh: MeshGeometry):
    """
    Update the coordinates of the plex in mesh, and then return a clone without pyop2 label
    """
    mesh.topology.init()
    dm = mesh.topology_dm.clone()
    csec = dm.getCoordinateSection()
    coords_vec = dm.getCoordinatesLocal()

    s, e = dm.getDepthStratum(0)
    sec = mesh._vertex_numbering

    data = mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro_with_halos
    dest = np.zeros_like(data)
    n = mesh.geometric_dimension()
    m = csec.getFieldComponents(0)
    assert m == n
    for i in range(s, e):
        # dof = sec.getDof(i)
        offset = sec.getOffset(i)
        # cdof = csec.getDof(i)
        coffset = csec.getOffset(i)

        dest[coffset//m] = data[offset, :]

    coords_vec.array_w[:] = dest.flatten()
    # dm.setCoordinatesLocal(coords_vec)
    remove_pyop2_label(dm)

    return dm

通过设置 Section 的方式更新 plex.

若使用的 Firedrake 包含 pr-2933, 则可以使用该方式.

def get_plex_with_update_coordinates_new(mesh: MeshGeometry):
    tdim = mesh.topological_dimension()
    gdim = mesh.geometric_dimension()
    entity_dofs = np.zeros(tdim + 1, dtype=np.int32)
    entity_dofs[0] = gdim 
    coord_section = mesh.create_section(entity_dofs)
    plex = mesh.topology_dm.clone()
    coord_dm = plex.getCoordinateDM()
    coord_dm.setSection(coord_section)

    coords_local = coord_dm.createLocalVec()
    coords_local.array[:] = np.reshape(
        mesh.coordinates.dat.data_ro_with_halos, coords_local.array.shape
    )
    plex.setCoordinatesLocal(coords_local)
    remove_pyop2_label(plex)
    
    return plex

Warning

对于不包含 pr-2933 的版本, 上述方法虽然可以更新坐标, 但是更新后的 plex 不可以作为 Mesh 的参数创建网格.

使用移动网格进行测试

from firedrake import *
from py.update_plex_coordinates import \
    get_plex_with_update_coordinates, \
    get_plex_with_update_coordinates_new
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def save_mesh(mesh, name):
    V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', 1)
    f = Function(V, name='f')
    File(name).write(f)

mesh_init = RectangleMesh(5, 5, 1, 1)

# move mesh
mesh_init.coordinates.dat.data[:] += 1
save_mesh(mesh_init, 'pvd/mesh_init.pvd')

# recreate mesh from the plex
plex = get_plex_with_update_coordinates(mesh_init)
mesh = Mesh(plex, distribution_parameters={"partition": False})
save_mesh(mesh, 'pvd/mesh_with_update_plex.pvd')

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[9, 4], subplot_kw={})
tp0 = triplot(mesh_init, axes=ax[0])
tp1 = triplot(mesh, axes=ax[1])
t0 = ax[0].set_title('Original mesh')
t1 = ax[1].set_title('Mesh from Plex')

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/_deprecation.py:65: UserWarning: The use of `File` for output is deprecated, please update your code to use `VTKFile` from `firedrake.output`.
  warn(

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/_deprecation.py:65: UserWarning: The use of `File` for output is deprecated, please update your code to use `VTKFile` from `firedrake.output`.
  warn(

../_images/02f4840f18c438ab6f566e4ecb76faccc68dfeb45af418756bbb174bec266f20.png

2.6.4. Using adaptMetric of dmplex#

File py/test_adapt_metric.py

除了上述 adaptLabel 方法, PETSc 还提供的 adaptMetric 方法根据用户提供的度量矩阵对网格进行自适应. 该度量矩阵是 PETSc 的 LocalVector.

首先使用 create_metric_from_indicator 把 indicator 转化为度量矩阵 v, 然后使用 to_petsc_local_numbering 把自由度排序更改为 PETSc 内部序. 注意这里网格每个节点对应一个度量矩阵, 用向量表示. 最后调用 adaptMetric 进行自适应网格剖分.

def adapt(indicator):
    mesh = indicator.ufl_domain()
    metric = create_metric_from_indicator(indicator)
    v = PETSc.Vec().createWithArray(metric.dat._data,
                                    size=(metric.dat._data.size, None),
                                    bsize=metric.dat.cdim, comm=metric.comm)
    reordered = to_petsc_local_numbering_for_local_vec(v, metric.function_space())
    v.destroy()
    plex_new = mesh.topology_dm.adaptMetric(reordered, "Face Sets", "Cell Sets")
    mesh_new = Mesh(plex_new)

    return mesh_new

方法 create_metric_from_indicator 根据输入参数构造度量矩阵, 其思路为先计算各单元的度量矩阵, 然后顶点的度量矩阵通过相邻单元的度量矩阵进行加权平均得到

对单元循环, 求解单元度量矩阵

        vertex = coords[nodes, :]
        edge = []
        for i, j in pair:
            edge.append(vertex[i, :] - vertex[j, :])

        mat = []
        for e in edge:
            mat.append(edge2vec(e))

这里用到了 edge2vec 用于根据单元边向量构造计算度量矩阵的矩阵

    if dim == 2:
        edge2vec = lambda e: [ e[0]**2, 2*e[0]*e[1], e[1]**2 ]
        vec2tensor = lambda g: [[g[0], g[1]], [g[1], g[2]]]
    elif dim == 3:
        edge2vec = lambda e:  [ e[0]**2, 2*e[0]*e[1], 2*e[0]*e[2], e[1]**2, 2*e[1]*e[2], e[2]**2 ]
        vec2tensor = lambda g: [[g[0], g[1], g[2]], [g[1], g[3], g[4]], [g[2], g[4], g[5]]]
    else:
        raise Exception

根据单元体积进行加权平均, 计算顶点的度量矩阵

        mat = np.array(mat)
        b = np.ones(len(edge))
        g = np.linalg.solve(mat, b)

        c = cell_volume[k] * ind[k]
        for n in nodes:
            data[n, :] += c/total_volume[n]*np.array(vec2tensor(g))

方法 to_petsc_local_numbering_for_local_vec 内容如下

def to_petsc_local_numbering_for_local_vec(vec, V):
    section = V.dm.getLocalSection()
    out = vec.duplicate()
    varray = vec.array_r
    oarray = out.array
    dim = V.value_size
    idx = 0
    for p in range(*section.getChart()):
        dof = section.getDof(p)
        off = section.getOffset(p)
        # PETSc.Sys.syncPrint(f"dof = {dof}, offset = {off}")
        if dof > 0:
            off = section.getOffset(p)
            off *= dim
            for d in range(dof):
                for k in range(dim):
                    oarray[idx] = varray[off + dim * d + k]
                    idx += 1
    # PETSc.Sys.syncFlush()

    return out

通过命令行选项或 OptionsManager, 我们可以控制使用的自适应库 pragmatic, mmg, parmmg.

def test_adapt(dim=2, factor=2):
    if dim == 2:
        mesh = UnitSquareMesh(5, 5)
    elif dim == 3:
        mesh = UnitCubeMesh(5, 5, 5)
    else:
        raise Exception("")

    V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', 0)
    indicator = Function(V, name='indicator')
    indicator.dat.data[:] = factor
    mesh_adapt = adapt(indicator)

    mesh.topology_dm.viewFromOptions('-dm_view')
    mesh_adapt.topology_dm.viewFromOptions('-dm_view_new')
    return mesh, mesh_adapt

def test_adapt_with_option(dim=2, factor=0.5):
    # adaptors: pragmatic, mmg, parmmg
    #   -dm_adaptor pragmatic
    #   -dm_adaptor mmg       # 2d or 3d (seq)
    #   -dm_adaptor parmmg    # 3d (parallel)
    #   -dm_adaptor cellrefiner -dm_plex_transform_type refine_sbr
    parameters = {
        "dm_adaptor": "mmg",
        # "dm_plex_metric_target_complexity": 400,
        # "dm_view": None,
        # "dm_view_new": None,
    }

    om = OptionsManager(parameters, options_prefix="")
    with om.inserted_options():
        mesh, mesh_new = test_adapt(dim=dim, factor=factor)

    return mesh, mesh_new

下面我们展示一个三维立方体区域自适应的结果

from py.test_adapt_metric import test_adapt, test_adapt_with_option
from firedrake import triplot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mesh, mesh_new = test_adapt_with_option(dim=3, factor=0.3)

if mesh.geometric_dimension() == 3:
    subplot_kw = dict(projection='3d')
else:
    subplot_kw = {}
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[9, 4], subplot_kw=subplot_kw)
tp = triplot(mesh, axes=ax[0])
tp_new = triplot(mesh_new, axes=ax[1])
t0 = ax[0].set_title('Original mesh')
t1 = ax[1].set_title('Adapted mesh')

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/parloops.py:263: FutureWarning: is_loopy_kernel does not need to be specified
  warnings.warn(

../_images/3d17fcd0a21aeb65123ed416facf84b6584dc8efb8dc089582666b192ef1e7d2.png

2.7. Examples on the `variant` parameter for `FiniteElement`#

from firedrake import *
import ufl
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.spatial import ConvexHull


def show_dofs(V, ax=None):
    """Show the position of the nodes in the dual space"""
    if ax is None:
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=[4, 3])
    ele = V.ufl_element()
    ps = V.finat_element.dual_basis[1]
    ax.plot(ps.points[:, 0], ps.points[:, 1], 'o', label=ele.shortstr())
    cell = V.finat_element.cell
    vertices = np.array(cell.get_vertices())
    hull = ConvexHull(vertices)
    index = list(hull.vertices)
    index.append(index[0])
    ax.plot(vertices[index, 0], vertices[index, 1])
    ax.legend() # (bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
    return ax


p = 2 # or set to 3 to make it clear
# https://www.firedrakeproject.org/variational-problems.html#id14
# fe = FiniteElement("DQ", mesh.ufl_cell(), p, variant="equispaced")
mesh = RectangleMesh(1, 1, 1, 1, quadrilateral=True)
fe = FiniteElement("DQ", mesh.ufl_cell(), p, variant="spectral")  # default
V1 = FunctionSpace(mesh, fe)
V2 = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', p)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[8, 3])
show_dofs(V1, ax=ax[0])
show_dofs(V2, ax=ax[0])

mesh = RectangleMesh(1, 1, 1, 1, quadrilateral=False)
V1 = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'DG', p)
V2 = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', p)
show_dofs(V1, ax=ax[1])
show_dofs(V2, ax=ax[1])

<Axes: >

../_images/d0245126caa6049d9ccbdc25032ca9a5fa1dc5e28389e97fec87f8fde613d373.png

2.8. Interpolation errors for highly oscillating functions#

The linear interpolation error of functions with wave number \(k\) is

\[ \|I_h f - f\|_{H^1} \le Chk\|f\|_{H^1} \]

from firedrake import *
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def get_H1_expr(e):
    return (inner(e, e) + inner(grad(e), grad(e)))*dx

N = 64
mesh = RectangleMesh(N, N, 1, 1)
h = 1/N

x = SpatialCoordinate(mesh)
k = Constant(1)
f = cos(k*sqrt(dot(x,x)))

p = 1
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', p)
V_ref = FunctionSpace(mesh, 'CG', p+2)

Int = Interpolator(f, V)
Int_ref = Interpolator(f, V_ref)

f_int = Function(V)
f_ref = Function(V_ref)

e = f_int - f
e_ref = f_int - f_ref

f_H1 = get_H1_expr(f)
f_ref_H1 = get_H1_expr(f_ref)
f_int_H1 = get_H1_expr(f_int)
e_H1 = get_H1_expr(e)
e_ref_H1 = get_H1_expr(e_ref)

ks = np.linspace(0, 1000, 200) 
errors = np.zeros((len(ks), 2))

dtype = np.dtype([
    ('k', 'f8'),
    ('f_H1', 'f8'),
    ('f_ref_H1', 'f8'),
    ('f_int_H1', 'f8'),
    ('e_H1', 'f8'),
    ('e_ref_H1', 'f8'),
])

ret = np.zeros(len(ks), dtype=dtype)

for i, _k in enumerate(ks):
    k.assign(_k)
    Int.interpolate(output=f_int)
    Int_ref.interpolate(output=f_ref)
    a = sqrt(assemble(f_H1)), sqrt(assemble(f_ref_H1)), sqrt(assemble(f_int_H1))
    b = sqrt(assemble(e_H1)), sqrt(assemble(e_ref_H1))
    ret[i] = (_k, *a, *b)

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
/Users/zzyang/opt/firedrake/firedrake-real-int32-debug/src/firedrake/firedrake/interpolation.py:385: FutureWarning: The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.
This feature will be removed very shortly.

Instead, import `interpolate` from the `firedrake.__future__` module to update
the interpolation's behaviour to return the symbolic `ufl.Interpolate` object associated
with this interpolation.

You can then assemble the resulting object to get the interpolated quantity
of interest. For example,

```
from firedrake.__future__ import interpolate
...

assemble(interpolate(expr, V))
```

Alternatively, you can also perform other symbolic operations on the interpolation operator, such as taking
the derivative, and then assemble the resulting form.

  warnings.warn("""The use of `interpolate` to perform the numerical interpolation is deprecated.

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=[10, 3])
e_H1_rel = ret['e_H1']/ret['f_H1']
e_ref_H1_rel = ret['e_ref_H1']/ret['f_H1']
axes[0].plot(ret['k'], e_H1_rel, label='$I_h f - f$')
axes[0].plot(ret['k'], e_ref_H1_rel, label='$I_h f - f_{ref}$')

ref_line = e_H1_rel[10]*ret['k']/ret['k'][10]
ref_line[ref_line>1] = 1
axes[0].plot(ret['k'], ref_line, ':', label='$O(k)$')

upper = max(e_H1_rel.max(), e_ref_H1_rel.max())
for n in (1, 5):
    k_max = 2*pi/(n*h)
    axes[0].plot([k_max, k_max], [0, upper], 'b--')
axes[0].set_xlabel('$k$')
axes[0].set_ylabel('Relatively $H1$-Error')
axes[0].legend()

axes[1].plot(ret['k'], ret['e_H1'], label='$I_h f - f$')
axes[1].plot(ret['k'], ret['e_ref_H1'], label='$I_h f - f_{ref}$')
upper = max(ret['e_H1'].max(), ret['e_ref_H1'].max())
for n in (1, 5):
    k_max = 2*pi/(n*h)
    axes[1].plot([k_max, k_max], [0, upper], 'b--')
axes[1].set_xlabel('$k$')
axes[1].set_ylabel('$H1$-Error')
axes[1].legend()

# axes[0].set_xlim([0, 50])
# axes[0].set_ylim([0, 0.4])
# axes[1].set_xlim([-10, 50])

<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x1450c1d30>

../_images/8a4c5652af9ccda710ec9c8e6b583ec7551fb2d78833ca7d8576b551381f9850.png

References

[Len86]

M. Lenoir. Optimal isoparametric finite elements and error estimates for domains involving curved boundaries. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 23(3):562–580, jun 1986. doi:10.1137/0723036.